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Open AccessArticle

Growth and Biochemical Activity of Passion Fruit Seedlings in Scion/Rootstock Combinations Under Salt Stress

by Alex Alvares da Silva, Jose Francismar de Medeiros, Carlos Guillermo Bartoli, Charlotte Steelheart, Marlon de Morais Dantas, Rodrigo Rafael da Silva, Wedson Aleff Oliveira da Silva and Francisco Vanies da Silva Sa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091130 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The yellow passion fruit is a key crop in irrigated areas of Northeast Brazil, but production is challenged by limited water availability and high salinity in groundwater used for irrigation. This study evaluated the effects of grafting Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (E) [...] Read more.

The yellow passion fruit is a key crop in irrigated areas of Northeast Brazil, but production is challenged by limited water availability and high salinity in groundwater used for irrigation. This study evaluated the effects of grafting Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (E) onto P. foetida L. (F) rootstock to reduce the impact of saline stress. Conducted in a greenhouse using a 3 × 2 factorial design with four replications, the experiment tested three grafting combinations (F + F, E + E and E + F) under two salinity levels (0.5 and 6.0 dS m⁻¹). Key parameters measured included SPAD index, soluble protein content, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, catalase enzyme activity, plant height, and leaf number. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, especially at 6.0 dS m⁻¹. The E + E combination had the highest protein content in roots (23.8%). However, grafting P. edulis onto P. foetida (E + F) enhanced catalase activity and reduced H₂O₂ accumulation, indicating improved tolerance to salt stress. The findings suggest that using P. foetida as a rootstock may help mitigate oxidative damage and promote better physiological performance of yellow passion fruit under saline conditions, offering a strategy to sustain cultivation in stress-prone environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance of Horticultural Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

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23 pages, 2410 KB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Translingual and Transmodal Scaffolding and VR Pair Programming for Supporting Multilingual Learners’ Participation in Scientific Sensemaking

by Ai-Chu Elisha Ding, Jorge Hernandez Cervantes, Katherine Martin and Kexin Zhang

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091236 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This single case study examines the implementation of a co-designed fifth-grade science unit enhanced by using Virtual Reality (VR) and integrating translingual and transmodal scaffolding strategies to support students’ participation and quality of talk during scientific sensemaking. The co-designed science unit covered physical [...] Read more.

This single case study examines the implementation of a co-designed fifth-grade science unit enhanced by using Virtual Reality (VR) and integrating translingual and transmodal scaffolding strategies to support students’ participation and quality of talk during scientific sensemaking. The co-designed science unit covered physical and chemical changes as part of the fifth-grade science curriculum. The research involves a fifth-grade science teacher and her class of 22 students comprising multilingual learners (ML) and English monolingual learners (EML). This study examines the learning experience of 3 student pairs grouped as ML-ML, EML-ML and EML-EML. Using content analysis, we analyzed 911 min of video data on the six students’ learning in this unit. The results indicate that when the teacher used translingual and transmodal scaffolding strategies introduced during the co-design process, equal participation across MLs and EMLs was observed. The VR pair programming worked well for student pairs in increasing active participation regardless of the pairing, although active participation did not necessarily lead to high quality science talk. Findings of this study provide implications and recommendations for leveraging the scaffolding from teachers, materials, and VR pair programing activity to support the equal participation and quality of talk among all learners during scientific sensemaking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Teaching and Learning to Solve Real-World Challenges: Perspectives, Challenges, and Future Directions)

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26 pages, 608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Creative Approach to Enhancing Learning Skills Based on Buddhism and Philosophy

by Phrarajsuddhivajiramedhi Chaiyan Chattalayo Suebkrapan, Phrakhrupalad Charkrapol Acharashubho Thepa, Phrakhrusangkharak Suriya Pabhassaro Sapanthong and Netnapa Sutthirat

Philosophies 2025, 10(5), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10050104 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This research article explores the integration of Buddhist and philosophical principles into educational methodologies to enhance learning skills. The objectives were to develop a creative educational model, identify key factors influencing learning skills, and assess the approach’s effectiveness. The study targeted students from [...] Read more.

This research article explores the integration of Buddhist and philosophical principles into educational methodologies to enhance learning skills. The objectives were to develop a creative educational model, identify key factors influencing learning skills, and assess the approach’s effectiveness. The study targeted students from higher education institutions as the population. A purposive sampling technique was employed, selecting participants who demonstrated an interest in or familiarity with Buddhist teachings and philosophical inquiry. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Tools included questionnaires/surveys, semi-structured interview questions, and observations, supplemented by focus group discussions and thematic analyses and a suitability and feasibility evaluation form. The analyses were performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), content analysis, theme analysis, and data saturation. Statistics were in the form of percentages, means, SDs, t-values, and exploratory factor analyses (EFA). The results indicated that integrating Buddhist practices, such as mindfulness and reflective thinking, with philosophical methods, such as critical inquiry and dialogue, significantly improved students’ cognitive, emotional, and ethical development. Key findings highlighted the importance of fostering an environment encouraging open-mindedness, self-reflection, and ethical reasoning. The study’s significance lies in its contribution to educational innovation, providing a framework for integrating spiritual and philosophical dimensions into contemporary education. This approach enhances traditional academic skills and promotes holistic development, preparing students for personal and societal challenges. Full article

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18 pages, 4649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Study of Theileria annulata and Anaplasma spp. in Ixodid Ticks from Southern Regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan

by Zaure Z. Sayakova, Saltanat A. Kenessary, Ainur A. Zhaksylykova, Bagzhan M. Abdimalik, Eleonora A. Kydyrkhanova, Dinara K. Kamalova, Anara Ryskeldina, Yekaterina O. Ostapchuk, Christine M. Budke and Aida M. Abdybekova

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090901 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Ixodid ticks are vectors of pathogens that cause dangerous infectious and parasitic diseases in animals, leading to reduced productivity and, in some cases, mass mortality. In Kazakhstan, information on tick fauna and their epizootological role in the transmission of hemoparasites is limited. This [...] Read more.

Ixodid ticks are vectors of pathogens that cause dangerous infectious and parasitic diseases in animals, leading to reduced productivity and, in some cases, mass mortality. In Kazakhstan, information on tick fauna and their epizootological role in the transmission of hemoparasites is limited. This study aimed to determine the species composition of ixodid ticks parasitizing cattle in the Almaty, Zhambyl, and Turkistan oblasts, and to assess their potential role in the transmission of Theileria and Anaplasma spp. A total of 3121 ixodid ticks were collected from cattle, belonging to the genera Hyalomma (86.9%; 2711/3121), Rhipicephalus (8.5%; 266/3121), Dermacentor (3.2%; 101/3121), and Haemaphysalis (1.4%; 43/3121). Morphological identification revealed that ticks of the genus Hyalomma, including Hyalomma scupense (31.7%), Hyalomma asiaticum (27.9%), and Hyalomma anatolicum (19.6%), were the predominant species. Rhipicephalus annulatus was recorded for the first time in the Almaty and Zhambyl oblasts. Partial sequencing of the cox1 gene confirmed the species identification obtained by morphological examination. A total of 113 representative ticks were subjected to DNA extraction for the identification of Theileria and Anaplasma species using conventional PCR with primers targeting the 28SrRNA and GroEL genes, respectively. No Anaplasma spp. were detected in the analyzed tick samples. Theileria annulata DNA was identified in seven nymphs of Hy. scupense (6.1%) collected in the Zhambyl oblast, and for the first time in Kazakhstan, in one female Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.9%) collected in the Almaty oblast. The overall infection prevalence of Theileria annulata was 7.0% (8/113). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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24 pages, 6096 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Lead and Nanoplastic Co-Exposure on Decomposition, Microbial Diversity, and Community Assembly Mechanisms in Karst Riverine Miscanthus Litter

by Peijian Chen, Tianjiao Mei, Xingbing He, Yonghui Lin, Zaihua He and Xiangshi Kong

Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092172 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Karst rivers are increasingly contaminated by both heavy metals and nanoplastics, yet their combined impact on riparian litter decomposition remains unresolved. We conducted a 90-day microcosm experiment using Miscanthus floridulus leaf litter collected from the Donghe River, Jishou, China, and exposed it to [...] Read more.

Karst rivers are increasingly contaminated by both heavy metals and nanoplastics, yet their combined impact on riparian litter decomposition remains unresolved. We conducted a 90-day microcosm experiment using Miscanthus floridulus leaf litter collected from the Donghe River, Jishou, China, and exposed it to Pb (1 mg L⁻¹), polystyrene nanoplastics (10 and 100 µg L⁻¹), and their combinations. Pb alone modestly inhibited mass loss (61.0%) and respiration, while NP10 significantly accelerated decomposition (67.0%), and NP100 suppressed it (60.4%); co-exposure produced non-monotonic, concentration-dependent effects. Enzyme stoichiometry revealed that all treatments intensified nitrogen limitation but alleviated carbon limitation through reduced microbial activity. Bacterial communities, dominated by Pseudomonadota, exhibited remarkably stable phylum-level composition, high network complexity, and identical keystone taxa across all treatments, indicating strong functional redundancy and resilience. In contrast, fungal communities suffered severe declines in Basidiomycota abundance, collapsed network stability, and a single keystone taxon, underscoring their vulnerability. βNTI–RC_bray analyses demonstrated that stochastic processes (>50%) overwhelmingly governed both bacterial and fungal assembly, with only marginal deterministic shifts. Collectively, our findings highlight that bacteria—not fungi—serve as the primary decomposers under Pb–NP co-stress and that stochastic assembly, coupled with bacterial redundancy, buffers ecosystem function against emerging mixed pollutants in subtropical riverine systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Biodegradation and Environmental Microbiomes)

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20 pages, 5623 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acheta domesticus Powder Incorporation on Nutritional Composition, Technological Properties, and Sensory Acceptance of Wheat Bread

by Agnieszka Orkusz and Martyna Orkusz

Insects 2025, 16(9), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090972 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme [...] Read more.

The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme 100% cricket-powder formulation—on the nutritional composition, color, particle size distribution, fermentative properties, baking loss, crumb hardness, and sensory quality of bread. Fifteen baked variants were prepared: a 100% wheat flour control; thirteen wheat–cricket blends containing 5–90% cricket powder; and an extreme formulation with 100% cricket powder. Increasing cricket-powder levels significantly increased protein, fat, fiber, zinc, and riboflavin contents while decreasing carbohydrate and starch levels. Technologically, higher substitution levels resulted in darker crumb color, a shift toward coarser particle size distribution, reduced gas retention during proofing, and increased baking loss. Sensory analysis indicated that up to 15% inclusion maintained full consumer acceptability, while 20–25% was at the acceptance threshold. Above 35%, acceptability declined sharply due to intensified earthy flavors and textural changes. The findings highlight 15% inclusion as the optimal balance between enhanced nutritional value and sensory quality, with potential for higher incorporation if appropriate technological modifications are applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)

22 pages, 2118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils from Magnolia pugana, an Endemic Mexican Magnoliaceae Species

by Edison Osorio, José A. Vázquez-García, Paco Noriega, Ramón Reynoso-Orozco, Rosario Huizar, Mario Noa, Elisa Cabrera-Diaz, Lucía Barrientos-Ramírez, Hugo Cerda and Mario A. Ruíz-López

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3778; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183778 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A. Vazquez) A. Vázquez & Carvajal, an endemic Mexican species of the Magnoliaceae family, has received limited phytochemical and pharmacological attention. This study reports, for the first time, the chemical composition and in vitro bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) [...] Read more.

Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A. Vazquez) A. Vázquez & Carvajal, an endemic Mexican species of the Magnoliaceae family, has received limited phytochemical and pharmacological attention. This study reports, for the first time, the chemical composition and in vitro bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) obtained from its leaves, flowers, and seeds. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GC-FID), revealing cyclocolorenone, a sesquiterpene, as the major compound (38–40%) across all plant parts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH• and ABTS• radical scavenging assays, complemented by bioautographic thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Antibacterial activity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against human pathogenic bacteria, while cytotoxicity was assessed in MCF-7 (breast) and HT-29 (colon) cancer cell lines. Seed and flower EOs exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 21.5 mg/mL and 9.04 mg/mL, respectively. Strong antibacterial effects were observed against Gram-positive strains, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC = 355.11 µg/mL) and S. aureus (MIC = 710.23 µg/mL). Leaf EO showed selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀ = 27.25 µg/mL), while seed EO was most active against HT-29 cells (IC₅₀ = 54.01 µg/mL). These results suggest that M. pugana EOs, especially those from seeds, are a promising source of natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volatile Natural Products: Extraction, Characterization and Application)

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25 pages, 3452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Thermal Effects of Urban Morphology Through Unsupervised Clustering and Explainable AI

by Feng Xu, Ye Shen, Minrui Zheng, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Yuqiang Zuo, Xiaoli Wang and Mengdi Zhang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(18), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183211 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The urban thermal environment poses a significant challenge to public health and sustainable urban development. Conventional pre-defined classification schemes, such as the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) system, often fail to capture the highly heterogeneous structure of complex urban areas, thus limiting their applicability. [...] Read more.

The urban thermal environment poses a significant challenge to public health and sustainable urban development. Conventional pre-defined classification schemes, such as the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) system, often fail to capture the highly heterogeneous structure of complex urban areas, thus limiting their applicability. This study introduces a novel framework for urban thermal environment analysis, leveraging multi-source data and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence to investigate the driving mechanisms of Land Surface Temperature (LST) across various urban form types. Focusing on the area within Beijing’s 5th Ring Road, this study employs a K-Means clustering algorithm to classify urban blocks into nine distinct types based on their building morphology. Subsequently, an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, coupled with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method, is utilized to analyze the non-linear impacts of ten selected driving factors on LST. The findings reveal that: (1) The Compact Mid-rise type exhibits the highest annual average LST at 296.59 K, with a substantial difference of 11.29 K observed between the hottest and coldest block types. (2) SHAP analysis identifies the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as the most significant warming factor across all types, while the Sky View Factor (SVF) plays a crucial cooling role in high-rise areas. Conversely, road density (RD) shows a negative correlation with LST in Open Low-rise areas. (3) The influence of urban form is twofold: increased building height (BH) can induce warming by trapping heat while simultaneously providing a cooling effect through shading. (4) The impact of land use functional zones on LST is significantly modulated by urban form, with temperature differences of up to 2 K observed between different functional zones within compact block types. The analytical framework proposed herein holds significant theoretical and practical implications for achieving fine-grained thermal environment governance and fostering sustainable development in the context of global urbanization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Landscape Dynamics)

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18 pages, 2468 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater Using Biochar-Amended Bioretention Systems

by Wenqiang Jiang, Xueming Yang, Chengcai Zhang, Qian Qian, Zhen Liang, Junneng Liang, Luting Wen, Linyuan Jiang and Shumin Wang

Water 2025, 17(18), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182751 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Aquaculture wastewater is characterized by large discharge volumes and variable nitrogen concentrations, posing challenges for stable and efficient treatment. This study investigated biochar-amended bioretention systems (BBSs) under varying temperatures (8.0–26.0 °C), influent TN levels, and operation modes (intermittent and continuous flow). In intermittent [...] Read more.

Aquaculture wastewater is characterized by large discharge volumes and variable nitrogen concentrations, posing challenges for stable and efficient treatment. This study investigated biochar-amended bioretention systems (BBSs) under varying temperatures (8.0–26.0 °C), influent TN levels, and operation modes (intermittent and continuous flow). In intermittent runs, the 20% biochar system (BBS20) achieved 72.4% TN removal at low influent TN (9.55 mg/L) and 80.4% at high TN (29.96 mg/L), significantly outperforming the control (CBS). In continuous runs, BBS20 reduced effluent TN to 1.75 mg/L within 72 h, yielding higher average HRT, HLR, and ELR than CBS. Mechanistic analyses showed that biochar addition enhanced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion, stimulated electron transport system activity (ETSA), and increased the relative abundance of denitrifying genera and functional genes (e.g., nirS, narG). These synergistic effects optimized nitrification–denitrification coupling, particularly under low-temperature conditions. The findings demonstrate that biochar amendment is a practical and effective strategy for improving nitrogen removal from aquaculture wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanozymes and Other Nanomaterials in the Water Environment: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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21 pages, 2600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Supramolecular Extraction of Phytocomplexes from Microgreens and Their Eco-Loading in Nutriosomes: Physicochemical Characterization, Stability, and In Vitro Release Behavior

by Anja Vučetić, Rita Abi Rached, Maria Letizia Manca, Olja Šovljanski, Dragoljub Cvetković, Maria Manconi and Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3774; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183774 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study reports a dual green strategy for obtaining and stabilizing phytocomplexes from Sango radish and kale microgreens. Phytochemicals were isolated through supramolecular extraction, which generated an upper amphiphilic phase and a lower aqueous phase, enabling the recovery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic [...] Read more.

This study reports a dual green strategy for obtaining and stabilizing phytocomplexes from Sango radish and kale microgreens. Phytochemicals were isolated through supramolecular extraction, which generated an upper amphiphilic phase and a lower aqueous phase, enabling the recovery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules without toxic solvents. The resulting phytocomplexes were encapsulated in nutriosomes, phospholipid vesicles enriched with the soluble dextrin Nutriose^® FM06, and compared with conventional liposomes. The vesicles displayed mean diameters ≤ 110 nm, polydispersity indices < 0.11, and zeta potentials around −40 mV. Retention of antioxidant activity reached up to 99%. Freeze-dried formulations maintained acceptable physicochemical properties and microbiological safety, while storage studies confirmed stability over six months. In vitro release tests showed a gradual release of phenolics and carotenoids, and simulated digestion experiments indicated that nutriosomes preserved up to 20% more antioxidant capacity than liposomes in the intestinal phase. These results demonstrate an environmentally responsible strategy to prepare phytocomplex-rich vesicles with improved stability and bioaccessibility. Further biological and in vivo studies are needed to substantiate potential nutritional or health-related benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Other Green Solvents: The New Lights for Extraction and Valorization of Bioactive Phytochemical Compounds)

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23 pages, 3884 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Dual-Function Heated Pavement System Using Hollow Steel Pipe for Sustainable De-Icing

by Sangwoo Park, Hizb Ullah, Annas Fiaz Abbasi, Hangseok Choi and Seokjae Lee

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8331; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188331 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Winter road safety is threatened by black ice, while traditional de-icing methods, such as chemical spreading and electrically heated pavement systems, raise concerns about environmental impact and economic costs. This study proposed a hydronic heated pavement system utilizing geothermal energy (HHPS-G)-integrated concrete pavement [...] Read more.

Winter road safety is threatened by black ice, while traditional de-icing methods, such as chemical spreading and electrically heated pavement systems, raise concerns about environmental impact and economic costs. This study proposed a hydronic heated pavement system utilizing geothermal energy (HHPS-G)-integrated concrete pavement that ensures environmental sustainability and structural stability. The design utilizes hollow steel pipes as both reinforcement and heat exchange conduits, thereby eliminating the need for separate high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. To enhance upward heat transfer, bottom-ash concrete was introduced as an alternative to conventional insulation, providing thermal insulation and structural strength. A validated numerical model was developed to compare the de-icing and snow-melting performance of different pipe types. The results show that hollow steel pipes reduced the time to reach 0 °C on the concrete pavement surface by 30.86% and improved heat flux by 10.19% compared to HDPE. The depth of pipe installation significantly influenced performance: positioning the pipes near the surface achieved the fastest heating (up to 70.11% faster), while mid-depth placement, recommended for structural integrity, still provided substantial thermal benefits. Variations in insulation thermal conductivity below 1 W/m·K had little effect, whereas replacing the base layer with bottom-ash concrete provided both insulation and strength without the need for separate insulation layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Mobility, Transport Infrastructures and Services)

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25 pages, 2341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Virtual Facial Representations in Cosmetic Advertising: A Comparison of Idealized and Naturalistic Features

by Lu Xu, Yixin Zou, Hannuo Tian, Peter R. N. Childs, Xiaoying Tang and Ji Xu

Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3677; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183677 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The rise of virtual models in the digital age presents a new frontier for cosmetic advertising. Nevertheless, the comparative effectiveness of “idealized” versus “naturalistic” facial features in these models remains a topic of debate and an area of development. This study examines the [...] Read more.

The rise of virtual models in the digital age presents a new frontier for cosmetic advertising. Nevertheless, the comparative effectiveness of “idealized” versus “naturalistic” facial features in these models remains a topic of debate and an area of development. This study examines the impact of “idealized” and “naturalistic” facial features in virtual models on consumers’ cognitive and affective responses. Using eye-tracking and a structural equation model, we analyzed visual attention patterns and the roles of affective resonance, trustworthiness, likability, and expertise perception. The results indicate that non-homogeneous or defective naturalistic features increase visual attention and purchase intention, with consumers focusing on imperfections such as freckles. In contrast, idealized facial features mainly draw attention to areas such as the eyes and nose. Mediation analysis reveals that likability and affective resonance are primary influences on purchase intention, while expertise perception and trustworthiness are secondary. This experiment suggests that consumers prioritize socio-emotional connections over professional authority when evaluating naturalistic designs. Our findings provide a framework for virtual model design, helping brands balance aesthetics with psychological optimization, and offer insights into the interplay between visual stimuli and human cognitive and emotional processes in decision-making. Full article

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1 pages, 139 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Teodor Iliev, Ivaylo Stoyanov, Grigor Mihaylov, Panagiotis Kogias and Jacob Fantidis

Eng. Proc. 2025, 104(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025104097 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

23 pages, 4818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model Predictive Control of Common Ground PV Multilevel Inverter with Sliding Mode Observer for Capacitor Voltage Estimation

by Kelwin Silveira, Felipe B. Grigoletto, Fernanda Carnielutti, Mokhtar Aly, Margarita Norambuena and José Rodriguez

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092961 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Transformerless inverters have received significant attention in solar photovoltaic (PV) applications. The absence of low-frequency transformers contributes to improved efficiency and reduced size compared to other topologies; however, there are concerns about leakage currents. The common ground (CG) connection in PV inverters is [...] Read more.

Transformerless inverters have received significant attention in solar photovoltaic (PV) applications. The absence of low-frequency transformers contributes to improved efficiency and reduced size compared to other topologies; however, there are concerns about leakage currents. The common ground (CG) connection in PV inverters is an attractive solution to this issue, as it generates a constant common-mode voltage and theoretically eliminates the leakage current. In this context, multilevel CG inverters can eliminate the leakage current while achieving high-quality output voltages. Nonetheless, achieving simultaneous control of the grid current and inner capacitor voltages can be challenging. Furthermore, controlling the capacitor voltages in multilevel inverters requires feedback from measurement sensors, which can increase the cost and may affect the overall reliability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a model predictive controller (MPC) for a CG multilevel inverter with a reduced number of sensors. While conventional MPC uses a classical multi-objective technique with a single cost function, the proposed method avoids the use of weighting factors in the cost function. Additionally, a sliding-mode observer is developed to estimate the capacitor voltages, and an incremental conductance-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to generate the current reference. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed observer and MPC strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Model Predictive Control of Electrical Systems: Methods, Results, and Challenges)

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20 pages, 2770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Properties of Organometallic Lactone-Containing Poly(benzofuran-co-arylacetic Acid): Traditional Synthesis Versus Mechanosynthesis

by Teodora Radu, Alexandrina Nan, Monica Dan, Maria Miclǎuş and Natalia Terenti

Polymers 2025, 17(18), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17182511 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of novel organometallic polymeric frameworks derived from lactone-based poly(benzofuran-co-arylacetic acid) (PBAAA) ligands complexed with 3d transition metal salts (Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺). Two distinct synthetic approaches were investigated: conventional solution-based methods [...] Read more.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of novel organometallic polymeric frameworks derived from lactone-based poly(benzofuran-co-arylacetic acid) (PBAAA) ligands complexed with 3d transition metal salts (Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺). Two distinct synthetic approaches were investigated: conventional solution-based methods and mechanochemical ball milling. A comprehensive spectroscopic evaluation was performed utilizing FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, and XPS techniques to detail the structural characteristics of the synthesized materials. The thermal assessments were conducted using TGA and thermal conductivity, demonstrating that the chosen synthesis method has a significant impact on the crystallinity, coordination environment, and thermal transport characteristics of the resultant complexes. Remarkably, using the mechanosynthesis, the resulting organometallic polymer materials exhibited enhanced chain ordering and improved thermal conductivity, with a value of 0.32 W/mK, almost double that of the starting polymer. A correlation was identified among thermal conductivity, metal ionic radius, coordination number, and the synthesis method utilized. XPS analysis revealed the presence of multiple oxidation states and varied electronic environments, particularly in copper complexes. These had a direct effect on how they behaved when heated. These results show that mechanochemical synthesis is a useful and long-lasting method to make complex organometallic polymers with thermal properties that can be changed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Trends in Polymer Composites—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Non-Ionic Surfactant Tween 80 on Enzymatic Saccharification of Avicel and Steam-Exploded Poplar at High Solid Loading

by Peng Zhan, Yuxin Tan, Hui Wang, Jin Liu, Lishu Shao and Zhiping Wu

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092960 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Surfactants demonstrate considerable potential in enzymatic saccharification at high solids loading (ESHSL). In this paper, the effects of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on enzymatic saccharification of Avicel and steam-exploded poplar (SEP) at high solid loading were studied. The results showed that under [...] Read more.

Surfactants demonstrate considerable potential in enzymatic saccharification at high solids loading (ESHSL). In this paper, the effects of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 on enzymatic saccharification of Avicel and steam-exploded poplar (SEP) at high solid loading were studied. The results showed that under the fed-batch conditions of 15.0% solid loading, 20 FPU/g glucan, and 1.0% Tween 80, the maximum enzymatic saccharification rate of Avicel and SEP achieved was 65.4% (128.2 g/L glucose) and 86.4% (93.9 g/L glucose), respectively. Moreover, Tween 80 improved the rheological properties of ESHSL slurry of SEP, especially for the fed-batch model, reducing the complex viscosity, shear stress, and storage modulus. Furthermore, cellulase adsorption assays, SDS-PAGE, Rose Bengal staining, and Zeta potential analysis demonstrated that Tween 80 reduced non-productive adsorption of cellulase (particularly β-glucosidase) on lignin through hydrophobic interactions. All these findings contribute to establishing a foundation for subsequent investigative efforts within the discipline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 6806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Considering a Non-Constant Anisotropicity Parameter in the Giesekus Model

by Fatemeh Karami and Pavlos S. Stephanou

Polymers 2025, 17(18), 2510; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17182510 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The Giesekus model has proven to be one of the most successful constitutive rheological models. Although Giesekus introduced the anisotropicity parameter as a constant, recent evidence suggests that it should not be. We elaborate herein on the implications of having a variable anisotropicity [...] Read more.

The Giesekus model has proven to be one of the most successful constitutive rheological models. Although Giesekus introduced the anisotropicity parameter as a constant, recent evidence suggests that it should not be. We elaborate herein on the implications of having a variable anisotropicity coefficient; to our knowledge, this is only the second such model. We find that the modification leads to important differences in the predictions of the second normal stress coefficient in simple shear flow, of which the most significant is the shift of the linear viscoelastic envelope of the second normal stress coefficient to higher values in the case of start-up simple shear flow, which is more in line with experimental data in the literature. Full article

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14 pages, 800 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Lymphovascular Space Invasion on Recurrence and Survival in FIGO Stage I Node-Negative Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer

by Yakup Yalcin, Bahadir Kosan, Serenat Yalcin, Merve Abay and Kemal Ozerkan

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(18), 6535; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186535 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with FIGO 2009 stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer with pathologically negative lymph node involvement. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with FIGO 2009 stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer with pathologically negative lymph node involvement. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 469 patients with FIGO 2009 stage I node-negative endometrioid endometrial carcinoma who underwent comprehensive surgical staging at a single tertiary center between January 1993 and April 2025. Demographic, clinicopathological, treatment, and follow-up data were collected. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis, and prognostic factors were identified via univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Results: LVSI was present in 17.7% of the cohort (n = 83). Patients with LVSI had significantly higher tumor grades, larger tumor size, and deeper myometrial invasion compared to LVSI-negative patients (p < 0.001). Recurrence was more frequent in the LVSI-positive group (14.5% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.026), with distant metastasis predominating (83.3%). The 5-year DFS was 86.4% in the LVSI-positive group versus 96.3% in the LVSI-negative group (p = 0.0020), while the 5-year OS was 72.1% vs. 91.2%, respectively (p = 0.0014). In multivariate analysis, LVSI was an independent prognostic factor for both recurrence (HR = 4.80, 95% CI: 1.62–14.21; p < 0.001) and overall mortality (HR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.43–7.77; p = 0.012). Conclusions: LVSI is a strong and independent predictor of adverse oncologic outcomes in early-stage, node-negative endometrioid endometrial cancer. Its presence is associated with significantly decreased DFS and OS, particularly due to an increased risk of distant recurrence. These findings support the incorporation of LVSI into contemporary risk stratification and adjuvant treatment algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cancers)

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9 pages, 871 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contrast-Enhanced Mammography as a Functional Biomarker in Breast Cancer: Correlation of Enhancement Patterns with Ki-67 and Histological Grade

by Marina Balbino, Manuela Montatore, Federica Masino, Antonietta Ancona, Francesca Anna Carpagnano, Giulia Capuano, Riccardo Guglielmi and Giuseppe Guglielmi

Targets 2025, 3(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/targets3030029 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) combines anatomical and functional imaging, showing promise in breast cancer diagnosis. Despite well-established lesion detection accuracy, few studies have investigated the link between CESM enhancement patterns and tumor aggressiveness biomarkers. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 100 patients (mean age [...] Read more.

Background: Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM) combines anatomical and functional imaging, showing promise in breast cancer diagnosis. Despite well-established lesion detection accuracy, few studies have investigated the link between CESM enhancement patterns and tumor aggressiveness biomarkers. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 100 patients (mean age 59.5 years) undergoing CESM with complete histopathological data. Lesions were categorized by enhancement intensity (high, medium, low) and contrast homogeneity (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous), correlated with Ki-67 index and histological grade. Results: Lesion size measured by CESM closely matched histology (mean 2.16 cm vs. 2.25 cm). Mass-like lesions corresponded mainly to invasive ductal carcinoma, while non-mass patterns aligned with lobular or in situ carcinomas. Enhancement intensity correlated moderately with Ki-67 (Spearman ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001), and contrast heterogeneity showed a weaker but significant correlation with tumor grade (ρ = 0.22, p < 0.05). Conclusions: CESM accurately assesses tumor size and provides functional insight into tumor biology. Enhancement intensity may serve as a non-invasive proliferation marker, while contrast heterogeneity offers additional prognostic data, supporting CESM’s role in personalized breast cancer management. Full article

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25 pages, 4206 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Prediction Model for Wind–Solar Power Generation with Hyperparameter Optimization and Application in Building Heating Systems

by Huageng Dai, Yongkang Zhao, Yuzhu Deng, Wei Liu, Jihui Yuan, Jianjuan Yuan and Xiangfei Kong

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183367 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Accurate prediction of photovoltaic and wind power generation is essential for maintaining stable energy supply in integrated energy systems. However, the strong stochasticity and complex fluctuations in these energy sources pose significant challenges to forecasting. Traditional methods often fail to handle the non-stationary [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of photovoltaic and wind power generation is essential for maintaining stable energy supply in integrated energy systems. However, the strong stochasticity and complex fluctuations in these energy sources pose significant challenges to forecasting. Traditional methods often fail to handle the non-stationary characteristics of the generation series effectively. To address this, we propose a novel hybrid prediction framework that integrates variational mode decomposition, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and a benchmark prediction model. Experimental results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method, achieving an R² value exceeding 0.995 along with minimal MAE and RMSE. The approach effectively mitigates hysteresis issues during prediction. Furthermore, the model shows strong adaptability; even when substituting different benchmark models, it maintains an R² above 0.99. When applied in a building heating system, accurate predictions help reduce indoor temperature fluctuations, enhance energy supply stability, and lower energy consumption, highlighting its practical value for improving energy efficiency and operational reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon Urban Areas and Neighbourhoods)

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21 pages, 4368 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolution of Ship Fuel Sulfur Content Monitoring—From Exhaust Gas Measurement to AI-Driven Comprehensive Analysis

by Fan Zhou, Yuxuan Wang and Yinghan Zhou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091795 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

To address the limitations of traditional single-point detection methods in monitoring the sulfur content of ship fuel (FSC), which are inadequate in meeting the regulatory demands of high-traffic ports, this study proposes an integrated analytical approach based on artificial intelligence. This approach synthesizes [...] Read more.

To address the limitations of traditional single-point detection methods in monitoring the sulfur content of ship fuel (FSC), which are inadequate in meeting the regulatory demands of high-traffic ports, this study proposes an integrated analytical approach based on artificial intelligence. This approach synthesizes multi-source heterogeneous data, including historical fuel testing records, Automatic Identification System (AIS) trajectory data, ship and operator profiles, technical specifications, fuel supply chain documentation, fundamental ship attributes and so on. Following rigorous data cleaning and preprocessing procedures, a refined dataset comprising 3046 records collected between 2017 and 2024 from the Port of Ningbo was utilized. Initially, multiple linear regression analysis was con-ducted to identify key factors influencing sulfur emissions, resulting in an R² value of 0.67. Based on these findings, a deep neural network model was developed using TensorFlow to enable real-time estimation of FSC and classification of compliance risk levels. The results indicate that the proposed method exhibits high estimated accuracy and robustness. An AI-based intelligent monitoring module, developed based on this research, has been integrated into the ship exhaust gas detection system at the Port of Ningbo. This module enables real-time analysis of inbound ships and intelligent identification of potentially non-compliant ships, thereby significantly improving the precision and efficiency of port regulatory operations. This study not only contributes to the theoretical framework for ship fuel compliance monitoring but also provides a practical and scalable technical solution for intelligent port governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Maritime Transport and Port Intelligence)

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22 pages, 3195 KB

Open AccessArticle

Disorders of Redox Homeostasis and Its Importance in Acrolein Toxicity

by Magdalena Kwolek-Mirek, Roman Maslanka, Sabina Bednarska, Joanna Szczypek, Justyna Baran, Michał Przywara, Agnieszka Janeczko and Renata Zadrag-Tecza

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189047 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis depends on the GSH/GSSG pair, which is the primary intracellular redox buffer. However, the NADPH/NADP⁺ pair also plays a vital role in this process. The primary source of NADPH is the pentose phosphate pathway and deficiency [...] Read more.

The maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis depends on the GSH/GSSG pair, which is the primary intracellular redox buffer. However, the NADPH/NADP⁺ pair also plays a vital role in this process. The primary source of NADPH is the pentose phosphate pathway and deficiency in the enzymes responsible for NADPH production in this pathway leads to developing of alternative NADPH supply strategies. The choice of compensation strategy has several consequences for cells physiology. The present study investigates how Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains defective in generating NADPH via the pentose phosphate pathway due to deletion of ZWF1, GND1, or GND2 genes, respond to redox homeostasis disruption caused by allyl alcohol, a metabolic precursor of acrolein. Acrolein is a highly reactive aldehyde that rapidly depletes glutathione and triggers oxidative stress. Therefore, cells respond to acrolein through attempts to increase glutathione synthesis, but also by increasing NADPH production. The response requires coordinated action of glutathione- and NADPH-dependent systems. The high sensitivity of the Δgnd1 strain, which is unable to activate an adequate stress response, is evidence of this. The strategy employed by this strain to maintain redox homeostasis is inadequate and may even exacerbate allyl alcohol toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Redox Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress)

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15 pages, 341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Adaptive Lasso via Robust Sample Autocorrelation Coefficient for the Autoregressive Models

by Yunlu Jiang, Fudong Chen and Xiao Yan

Axioms 2025, 14(9), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14090701 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

For the autoregressive models, classical estimation methods, including the least squares estimator or the maximum likelihood estimator are not robust to heavy-tailed distributions or outliers in the dataset, and lack sparsity, leading to potentially inaccurate estimation and poor generalization capability. Meanwhile, the existing [...] Read more.

For the autoregressive models, classical estimation methods, including the least squares estimator or the maximum likelihood estimator are not robust to heavy-tailed distributions or outliers in the dataset, and lack sparsity, leading to potentially inaccurate estimation and poor generalization capability. Meanwhile, the existing variable selection methods can not handle the case where the influence of explanatory variables on the dependent variable gradually weakens as the lag order increases. To address these issues, we propose a novel robust adaptive lasso method for the autoregressive models. The proposed method is constructed by using partial autocorrelation coefficients as adaptive penalty weights to promote sparsity in parameter estimation, and by employing a robust autocorrelation estimator based on the

F Q_{n}

statistic to enhance resistance to outliers. Numerical simulations and two real data analyses illustrate the promising performance of our proposed approach. The results indicate that our proposed approach exhibits good robustness and sparsity in the presence of outliers in the dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Statistical Simulation and Computing)

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14 pages, 3123 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Fire Risk Zones in Phrae Province, Northern Thailand, Using a MaxEnt Model

by Torlarp Kamyo, Punchaporn Kamyo, Kanyakorn Panthong, Itsaree Howpinjai, Ratchaneewan Kamton and Lamthai Asanok

Geographies 2025, 5(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030051 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the physical factors influencing the occurrence of forest fires and to create a fire risk map of Phrae Province. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technology were applied for the analysis, focusing on seven factors: the digital [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the physical factors influencing the occurrence of forest fires and to create a fire risk map of Phrae Province. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technology were applied for the analysis, focusing on seven factors: the digital elevation model (DEM); slope; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); aspect; and distances from people, water, and roads. All of these geographical factors can affect forest fires. This resulted in a MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) model with an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.849, indicating its great prediction ability. The findings revealed that the variables influencing forest fire incidence were the DEM, NDVI, slope, distance from roads, distance from water, distance from communities, and aspect, in that order. Subsequently, a fire risk map for wildfires was developed by reclassifying the data into five levels—very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk—accounting for 341,395.54, 88,132.64, 76,162.41, 81,157.55, and 57,384.10 hectares or 52.99, 13.68, 11.82, 12.60, and 8.91% of the total area, respectively. The areas classified as very high risk, high risk, medium risk, and low risk included the Song, Long, and Rong Kwang Districts. The area with the lowest risk was Nong Muang Khai District. Full article

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30 pages, 26397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Yalong River Alpine Gorge Region Integrating InSAR-Derived Deformation Velocity

by Zhoujiang Li, Jianming Xiang, Guanchen Zhuo, Hongyuan Zhang, Keren Dai and Xianlin Shi

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(18), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183210 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dynamic susceptibility assessment is essential for mitigating evolving landslide risks in alpine gorge regions. To address the static limitations and unit mismatch issues in conventional landslide susceptibility assessments in alpine gorge regions, this study proposes a dynamic framework integrating time-series InSAR-derived deformation. Applied [...] Read more.

Dynamic susceptibility assessment is essential for mitigating evolving landslide risks in alpine gorge regions. To address the static limitations and unit mismatch issues in conventional landslide susceptibility assessments in alpine gorge regions, this study proposes a dynamic framework integrating time-series InSAR-derived deformation. Applied to the Xinlong–Kangding section of the Yalong River, annual surface deformation velocities were retrieved using SBAS-InSAR with Sentinel-1 data, identifying 24 active landslide zones (>25 mm/a). The Geodetector model quantified the spatial influence of 18 conditioning factors, highlighting deformation velocity as the second most significant (q = 0.21), following soil type. Incorporating historical landslide data and InSAR deformation zones, slope unit delineation was optimized to construct a refined sample dataset. A Random Forest model was then used to assess the contribution of deformation factors. Results show that integrating InSAR data substantially improved model performance: “Very High” risk landslides increased from 67.21% to 87.01%, the AUC score improved from 0.9530 to 0.9798, and the Kappa coefficient increased from 0.7316 to 0.8870. These results demonstrate the value of InSAR-based dynamic monitoring in enhancing landslide susceptibility mapping, particularly for spatial clustering, classification precision, and model robustness. This approach offers a more efficient dynamic evaluation pathway for dynamic assessment and early warning of landslide hazards in mountainous regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of SAR/InSAR Techniques in Investigating Ground Deformation)

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18 pages, 1112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling of Whole Pisco Grape Pomace: Influence of Emerging Extractions on Antioxidant Potential and Functional Quality of the Lipophilic Fractions

by Issis Quispe-Fuentes, Fátima Rodríguez-Ramos, Jacqueline Poblete, Iván Leyton-Valle and Elsa Uribe

Molecules 2025, 30(18), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183776 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This work aimed to promote an integrated valorization approach for recovering lipophilic fractions from whole pisco grape pomace using emerging extraction technologies such as Randall (40 °C, 360 min) and Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE: 60 °C, 10 min) to characterize lipid-soluble biocompounds and [...] Read more.

This work aimed to promote an integrated valorization approach for recovering lipophilic fractions from whole pisco grape pomace using emerging extraction technologies such as Randall (40 °C, 360 min) and Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE: 60 °C, 10 min) to characterize lipid-soluble biocompounds and evaluate their functional quality and antioxidant potential. PLE achieved maximum extraction yields (11–15%). Extraction techniques did not significantly alter fatty acid profiles, with C18:2n6c linoleic acid being most abundant (65–69%), followed by C18:1n9c oleic acid (17–21%), while C20:1 eicosanoid acid was least prevalent (1–2%). The fatty acid profile enabled functional potential evaluation through atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratios, showing values comparable to other lipid sources. α-Tocopherol content was significantly influenced by extraction techniques (87–645 μg/g), while polyphenol content showed no significant differences between methods (0.6–0.8 mg GAE/g extract). Randall demonstrated higher DPPH radical scavenging capacity (25–30%), while PLE presented higher ORAC values (68–120 μmolTE/g extract). This represents the first characterization of lipophilic fractions from this pomace type, highlighting how emerging extraction techniques affect recovery of high-quality, antioxidant-rich fractions. Results suggest their potential as functional biocompound sources and candidates for various applications, contributing to grape waste valorization strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Bioactive Ingredients in Grape By-products)

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